动态随机访问存储器（Dynamic Random Access Memory，DRAM）是一种半导体内存，主要的作用原理是利用电容内保存电荷的多寡来代表一个二进制比特（bit）是1还是0。由于在现实中电容会有漏电的现象，导致电位差不足而使记忆消失，因此除非电容经常周期性地充电，否则无法确保记忆长存。由于这种需要定时刷新的特性，因此被称为「动态」内存。相对来说，静态内存（SRAM）只要存入数据后，纵使不刷新也不会遗失记忆。

与SRAM相比，DRAM的优势在于结构简单——每一个比特的数据都只需一个电容跟一个晶体管来处理，相比之下在SRAM上一个比特通常需要六个晶体管。正因这缘故，DRAM拥有非常高的密度，单位体积的容量较高因此成本较低。但相反的，DRAM也有访问速度较慢，耗电量较大的缺点。

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. The capacitor can be either charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. Since even "nonconducting" transistors always leak a small amount, the capacitors will slowly discharge, and the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to static random-access memory (SRAM) and other static types of memory. Unlike flash memory, DRAM is volatile memory (vs. non-volatile memory), since it loses its data quickly when power is removed.