边缘检测是图像处理和计算机视觉中的基本问题，边缘检测的目的是标识数字图像中亮度变化明显的点。图像属性中的显着变化通常反映了属性的重要事件和变化。这些包括（i）深度上的不连续、（ii）表面方向不连续、（iii）物质属性变化和（iv）场景照明变化。 边缘检测是图像处理和计算机视觉中，尤其是特征检测中的一个研究领域。

图像边缘检测大幅度地减少了数据量，并且剔除了可以认为不相关的信息，保留了图像重要的结构属性。有许多方法用于边缘检测，它们的绝大部分可以划分为两类：基于查找一类和基于零穿越的一类。基于查找的方法通过寻找图像一阶导数中的最大和最小值来检测边界，通常是将边界定位在梯度最大的方向。基于零穿越的方法通过寻找图像二阶导数零穿越来寻找边界，通常是Laplacian过零点或者非线性差分表示的过零点。

Edge detection is the name for a set of mathematical methods which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities. The points at which image brightness changes sharply are typically organized into a set of curved line segments termed edges. The same problem of finding discontinuities in 1D signals is known as step detection and the problem of finding signal discontinuities over time is known as change detection. Edge detection is a fundamental tool in image processing, machine vision and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction.