琉球兔（学名Pentalagus furnessi），又名奄美短耳兔，是一种只分布奄美大岛及德之岛的原始兔。牠们是亚洲大陆古代兔的遗族，故被称为活化石。

琉球兔的脚很短，身体粗壮，爪大及弯曲，是夜间活动的。牠们的耳朵比其他的兔或野兔明显的短小。牠们栖息在森林，每胎只会生一只幼兔。母兔会在地上挖穴供幼兔在日间躲藏。于晚上，母兔会打开穴的入口喂养幼兔，期后就会以植物或尘埃遮盖穴。牠们日间会在隐蔽的地方睡觉。牠们也会发出叫声，叫声有点像鼠兔。

琉球兔因猎杀死而濒危，日本遂于1921年立法保护牠们。不过牠们仍受到伐林、被狗及猫等杀死、并人类干扰等威胁。岛上居民用来杀死毒蛇的獴科也大量杀死琉球兔。伐林对牠们有很大的伤害，尤其是牠们是日间睡觉的，很多时会连同伐林一同被杀死。

The Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi; Amami: [ʔosaɡi]), or Amamino kuro usagi(アマミノクロウサギ 奄美野黒兔, lit. "Amami wild black rabbit"), also known as the Ryukyu rabbit, is a primitive, dark-furred rabbit which is only found in Amami Ōshima and Toku-no-Shima, two small islands between southern Kyūshū and Okinawa in Kagoshima Prefecture (but actually closer to Okinawa) in Japan. Often called a living fossil, the Amami rabbit is a living remnant of ancient rabbits that once lived on the Asian mainland, where they died out, remaining only on the two small islands where they survive today.