Chinese ritual mastery traditions

Chinese ritual mastery traditions, also referred to as ritual teachings (Chinese:法教; pinyin:fǎjiào, sometimes rendered as "Faism"), or Folk Taoism (Chinese:民间道教; pinyin:Mínjiàn Dàojiào), or also Red Taoism (mostly in east China and Taiwan), constitute a large group of Chinese orders of ritual officers who operate within the Chinese folk religion but outside organised Taoism. The "masters of rites", the fashi (法師), are also known in east China as hongtou daoshi (紅頭道士), meaning "redhead" or "redhat" daoshi ("masters of the Tao"), contrasting with the wutou daoshi (烏頭道士), "blackhead" or "blackhat" priests, of Zhengyi Taoism who were historically ordained by the Celestial Master.