月球地质（有时称为月质学，或涵盖范围更广的月球科学）与地球地质学差别明显。月球表面缺少会产生侵蚀的大气层与水体，现在也没有板块构造活动。由于月球的总质量远远小于地球，其重力加速度较低，冷却得也更快。月球表面复杂的月貌形成于各种因素的组合，特别是撞击坑和火山活动。月球的壳层、月幔层、月核与地壳、地幔和地核明显不同。

月球的地质研究主要依据地球上望远镜观测、探月航天器观测、月岩样本及地球物理数据等手段的组合。上世纪60年代末至70年代初，美国阿波罗计划和前苏联的月球计划的多艘登月航天器直接从月球几处地点进行了采样，共带回约380千克（838磅）的月岩和月壤。长期以来，月球是唯一一颗人类直接采样以了解其构造的外星天体。在地球上已识别出少量的月球陨石，但它们来自月球上哪座陨坑却是未知。月球表面有相当大的部分还没被勘察过，很多地质问题仍没有答案。

The geology of the Moon (sometimes called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to "lunar science") is quite different from that of Earth. The Moon lacks a significant atmosphere, which eliminates erosion due to weather; it does not have any form of plate tectonics, it has a lower gravity, and because of its small size, it cooled more rapidly. The complex geomorphology of the lunar surface has been formed by a combination of processes, especially impact cratering and volcanism. The Moon is a differentiated body, with a crust, mantle, and core.