尼夫赫人（俄语：Нивхи、吉里迷）旧称吉利亚克人，是西伯利亚东南地区原住民族，分布于黑龙江下游至入海口以及库页岛北部，即今俄罗斯联邦的哈巴罗夫斯克边疆区和萨哈林州。这一地区多为稀疏针叶林带，夏季温和，冬季寒冷多雪，尼夫赫人长期以捕鱼、狩猎、养犬为生，夏季居于沿海，冬季则迁至内陆。

学者认为，尼夫赫人可能源于更新世后期从外贝加尔山脉地区迁徙至此的新石器居民。千百年来，他们历经其他民族的影响，从通古斯人的移民，到中国满清的统治，至19世纪中叶，沙俄哥萨克兼并了尼夫赫人的土地并在此殖民，使他们成为常被忽略的少数民族。尼夫赫人信仰萨满教，在冬季“熊祭”期间尤其重要；也有一些人皈依了俄罗斯东正教。现在，尼夫赫人居住在俄式风格的房屋中，饮食也严重俄化，并面对河海过度捕捞与污染的问题。

The Nivkh (also Nivkhs, Nivkhi, or Gilyak; ethnonym: Nivxi; language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Island and the region of the Amur River estuary in Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. Nivkh were traditionally fishermen, hunters, and dog breeders. They were semi-nomadic, living near the coasts in the summer and wintering inland along streams and rivers to catch salmon. The land the Nivkh inhabit is characterized as taiga forest with cold snow-laden winters and mild summers with sparse tree cover. The Nivkh are believed to be the original inhabitants of the region deriving from a proposed Neolithic people migrating from the Transbaikal region during the Late Pleistocene.