陪审员选任制度，是指在实行陪审制的情况下，选择并委任陪审员的司法进程。在需要实行陪审制的诉讼进程（包括民事诉讼和刑事诉讼）中，首先需要从法院所在地的地区居民中随机抽选出大批候补陪审员，组成候选陪审员团。随后，候补陪审员需要在法庭上接受法官或各方代理人（律师、检察官）的问询。在不同法域（各国或各州），各方代理人可以对陪审员申请“有理由的回避申请”，或者可以在有限的次数内申请“无理由的回避申请”。在实行死刑制度的法域内，对于死刑案件，必须排除反对死刑的人进入陪审团（死刑案陪审团，death-qualification）。这一阶段，为了能够尽可能选出对己方有利或者至少不会对己方形成不利的陪审员，各方代理人往往需要寻求专业人士的指导。在陪审制国家，对于陪审员选任过程的技巧研究（陪审团研究，jury research）也相对比较发达。

Jury selection are many methods used to choose the people who will serve on a jury. The jury pool, also known as the venire, is first selected from among the community using a reasonably random method. Jury lists are compiled from voter registrations and driver license/state ID renewals. From those lists, summonses are mailed. A panel of jurors is then assigned to a courtroom. The prospective jurors are randomly selected to sit in the jury box. At this stage they will be questioned in court by the judge and/or attorneys in the United States. Depending on the jurisdiction, attorneys may have an opportunity to mount a challenge for cause argument or use one of a limited number of peremptory challenges. In some jurisdictions that have capital punishment, the jury must be death-qualified to remove those who are opposed to the death penalty. Jury selection and techniques for voir dire are taught to law students in trial advocacy courses. However, attorneys sometimes use expert assistance in systematically choosing the jury, although other uses of jury research are becoming more common. The jury selected is said to have been "empaneled."