卡托加
卡托加（俄语：ка́торга，IPA：[ˈkatərgə]，出自中古希腊语κάτεργον，原意“桨帆船”），是俄罗斯沙皇时代对罪犯实行的发配劳改制度，囚犯被发配到广大无人居住的西伯利亚地区被迫从事艰苦的劳动。
Katorga
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英语百科
Katorga 卡托加
Katorga (Russian:ка́торга;IPA: [ˈkatərgə]; from medieval Greek: katergon, κάτεργον, "galley") was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire. Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies in vast uninhabited areas of Siberia and Russian Far East where voluntary settlers and workers were never available in sufficient numbers. The prisoners had to perform forced labor under harsh conditions.
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