拉脱维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国（拉脱维亚语：Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika，俄语：Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика），苏联历史上的第十五个加盟共和国，设立当时为第十四个加盟共和国，卡累利阿-芬兰被撤销后为第十三个加盟共和国，简称拉脱维亚，位于东欧的波罗的海沿岸。

拉脱维亚原本是独立国家，于1938年被苏联武力吞并，于1940年8月1日苏共37周年党庆当天被设立为苏联直辖的加盟共和国。

The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR; Latvian:Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika; Russian:Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia was a republic of the Soviet Union. It was established on 21 July 1940, during World War II, as a puppet state in the territory of the previously independent Republic of Latvia after it had been occupied by the Soviet Army, in conformity with the terms of 23 August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, on 17 June 1940. The annexation of Latvia into the Soviet Union (USSR) on 5 August 1940 was not recognised as legitimate, and recognition of it as the nominal fifteenth constituent republic of the USSR was withheld. Its territory was subsequently conquered by Nazi Germany in 1941, before being retaken by the Soviets in 1944–1945.