Well now materials scientists have been able to figure out why—by mapping the nanostructure of tooth enamel.

现在材料科学家们通过绘制牙釉质的纳米结构已经知晓其中的原因。

We can then process it, manipulate it at the nanostructure.

然后我们可以加工、操纵它的纳米结构。

There are only a few nanostructures precise enough to exclusively scatter violet light.

只有极少的足够精细的纳米结构可以单独散射出蓝紫色的光。

And these special nanostructure arrangements make chitin exoskeletons incredibly tough for their weight.

这些特殊的纳米结构排列使甲壳素外骨骼相对于它们的重量惊人地坚固。

But when light strikes it, the electrons within its nanostructure vibrate at the same frequency as the weight.

但是当光照射它时，它的纳米结构中的电子会以相同频率振动，像波浪一样。

These special nanostructure arrangements make chitin exoskeletons incredibly tough for their weight.

这些特殊的纳米结构排列使几丁质外骨骼相对于它们的重量来说非常坚韧。

Nanostructures of various shapes and sizes scatter different wavelengths, but they typically scatter high-energy wavelengths most easily — making blue the most common structural color.

各种各样结构和大小的纳米结构散射不同波长的光，一般而言散射高能量的波长是最容易的——这使蓝色成为最常见的一种结构性颜色。

Along with the microscopic protein and mineral nanostructures in the shell, this shape makes egg stronger than it would be if it was another shape.

沿着外壳中含有微观蛋白质和矿物质纳米结构，这种形状使鸡蛋比其他形状更坚固。

Even when something evolves specific nanostructures that strongly scatter red light they still resonate with other wavelengths, only appearing red at some angles of illumination and observation.

即使有一种生物进化出了特别的纳米结构可以强烈散射红光这些红光也会与其他波长产生共振，只有在一些特别的观察和照射的角度才会展现红色。

The third objective, efficient design, involved sandwiching the nanostructured bismuth telluride between two copper plates and then enclosing the upper plate (the one coated with the light-absorbing oxides) and the bismuth telluride in a vacuum.

第三个目标是高效的设计，它涉及到把纳米级的碲化铋夹在两片铜薄片之间然后把位于上方的薄片（这个薄片被覆盖上了吸收光线的氧化物）和碲化铋封入一个真空内。

Thanks to this nanostructure though, these chemists had a pretty high yield: about 63% of the electrons from the current, and about 84% of the carbon dioxide molecules were turned into new ethanol molecules.

不过， 多亏了这种纳米结构，这些化学家获得了相当高的产量：电流中约 63% 的电子和约 84% 的二氧化碳分子转化为新的乙醇分子。

That's the hope of a team of researchers who have developed a paper sensor containing nanostructures that change color when they bind to compounds that indicate spoilage such as free radicals or food contaminants we can't see or smell.

这是一组研究人员的希望，他们开发了一种包含纳米结构的纸质传感器，当它们与表明腐败的化合物（例如我们看不到或闻不到的自由基或食物污染物）结合时会改变颜色。