1. ^ Slomp, Hans. European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division. Westport: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0275968146. 

政治光谱（英语：political spectrum）是用作量度个人政治立场倾向（即不同意识形态）的工具。政治光谱正如一般光谱一样，由轴线构成。大多数政治光谱都包括两大派，左派（社会主义或无政府主义倾向）和右派（保守主义倾向），这是从18世纪法国议会的坐席方向沿袭而来的。光谱的其中一端代表着最极端的无政府主义，另一端最则代表最极端的法西斯主义（威权主义）。不同政治倾向的人会在政治光谱的不同位置之上，而各个国家、地区的政治光谱也略有差异。

A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions.

Most long-standing spectra include a right wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution (1789–99). According to the simplest left–right axis, communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, opposite fascism and conservatism on the right. Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, sometimes on the left (social liberalism), sometimes on the right (economic liberalism). Politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum is known as syncretic politics. Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates.