And then it starts filling up the p orbitals.

然后它开始填充 p 轨道。

So that's where the last three electrons go into the p orbital.

这就是最后三个电子进入 p 轨道的地方。

But, in the second shell, we have an s orbital and 3 p orbitals.

但是，在第二层中， 我们有一个 s 轨道和 3 p 轨道。

The p orbitals, if they were all by themselves, look like this.

p轨道，如果它们都是单独的， 看起来像这样。

The s and the p orbitals can merge into hybrid sp orbitals.

s 和 p 轨道可以合并成混合 sp 轨道。

These over here are going to fill the p orbitals.

这里的这些将填充 p 轨道。

And notice the p orbitals have something, p sub z, p sub x, p sub y.

注意 p 轨道有一些东西，p sub z, p sub x, p sub y。

This creates a sheet with a hexagonal structure and with one unhybridized P orbital left on each atom.

这将创建一个具有六边形结构的薄片， 每个原子上都有一个未杂化的 P 轨道。

But s and p orbitals can hybridize in other ways as well.

但是 s 和 p 轨道也可以以其他方式杂交。

So, s orbitals, very simple, spherical, p orbitals a little bit weirder, d and f orbitals, so crazy.

所以，s 轨道，非常简单，球形，p 轨道有点奇怪， d 和 f 轨道， 太疯狂了。

A second and weirder bond forms, this one from the unhybridized p orbital sticking out above and below the nucleus.

第二个更奇怪的键形成，这个键来自未杂化的 p 轨道，在原子核上方和下方突出。

When the s orbital hybridizes with all 3 p orbitals it's called sp3 hybridization and it forms a tetrahedral shape.

当 s 轨道与所有 3 p 轨道杂化时， 称为 sp3 杂化，并形成四面体形状。

So the question is what would this look like if we just wanted to visualize this orbital right here, the p orbitals?

所以问题是，如果我们只想在这里可视化这个轨道 p 轨道，它会是什么样子？

After we fill the first and second s orbitals, we move on to filling the p orbital.

在我们填充第一个和第二个 s 轨道后， 我们继续填充 p 轨道。

And, yes, sp orbitals, where the s only hybridizes with one p orbital, are also all over the place.

而且，是的，sp 轨道， 其中 s 只与一个 p 轨道杂化， 也到处都是。

Each of those can contain 2 electrons for a total of 8 with 2 in the s orbital and 6 in the 3 p orbitals.

其中每一个都可以包含 2 个电子，总共 8 个电子，其中 2 个在 s 轨道中，6 个在 3 p 轨道中。

It only hybridizes 2 p orbitals with the s orbital, forming 3 sp2 hybridized orbitals with an unhybridized p orbital sticking up from the center.

它仅将 2 个 p 轨道与 s 轨道杂化， 形成 3 个 sp2 杂化轨道，其中未杂化的 p 轨道从中心伸出。

The carbon is going to have 2 double bonds, so it has to have 2 un-hybridized p orbitals and one sp hybridized orbital.

碳将具有 2 个双键，因此它必须具有 2 个未杂化的 p 轨道和一个 sp 杂化轨道。

But, when you actually stick them around an atom, the s and p orbitals start to interact with each other, doing their best not to overlap and changing each other.

但是，当你真的把它们粘在一个原子周围时，s 和 p 轨道开始相互作用， 尽量不重叠和相互改变。

The oxygens are going to have one double bond, so they need to set up as sp2 hybridized with one un-hybridized p orbital, for the double bonding.

氧将具有一个双键，因此它们需要设置为 sp2 与一个未杂化的 p 轨道杂化， 以形成双键。