蛋白质生物合成是指在生物细胞内制造新的蛋白质，它是通过蛋白酶解或蛋白质导向细胞蛋白的损耗被平衡。翻译，蛋白质的核糖体组装，是生物合成途径的一个重要组成部分，随着生成的信使RNA（mRNA），转移RNA（tRNA的）氨酰化，合作翻译转运，并翻译后修饰。蛋白质的生物合成在多个步骤有严格的调控，和已创建错误检查机制。

顺反子DNA被转录成RNA的各种中间体。最后的版本被用作在合成多肽链的模板。蛋白质通常会直接从基因通过翻译的mRNA合成。

这个名词曾经是指蛋白质的翻译，但现时则是指一个多重的步骤，以转录开始及翻译作结。

Protein biosynthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA).