Some employers have made one-off payments to workers, to compensate them for surging prices without incurring higher recurring wage costs.

一些雇主向工人一次性支付工资，从而在不增加经常性薪资成本的情况下，补偿物价飙升给他们造成的损失。

Between the start-up cost and the recurring cost required to sustain the business, they needed a high volume of transactions, of business, to be able to remain profitable and remain in business.

在创业开销以及维持业务的日常花费之中，代理人需要业务高速流转才能够获得收益，并且持续发展业务。

In the year 2020, he calculates, that would have taken roughly $177bn on top of existing welfare spending (he does not specify whether that cost would recur).

据他计算，到 2020 年，除了现有的福利支出外，这将花费大约 1770 亿美元（他没有具体说明该成本是否会再次发生）。