巴塞尔资本协定，也称旧巴塞尔资本协定、1988年巴塞尔协定，英文简称Basel I。是1988年由巴塞尔银行监管委员会发布的，面向银行系统的最低资本要求指导。1988年，国际清算银行试图通过量化银行资产的风险，创建一个银行资本充足率水平要求的国际基准文档。1992年，该协定确定了对银行系统的最低资本充足率要求和计算方式，并在巴塞尔委员会成员的十二个国家的推动下正式实行，成为衡量、理解、和管理银行风险的指南。在巴塞尔资本协定推行后，金融创新、风险管理不断推陈出新，为适应新时代的变化，新版本的巴塞尔资本协定也在1996年和2009年分别面世。

Basel I is the round of deliberations by central bankers from around the world, and in 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in Basel, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. This is also known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the Group of Ten (G-10) countries in 1992. A new set of rules known as Basel II was later developed with the intent to supersede the Basel I accords. However they were criticized by some for allowing banks to take on additional types of risk, which was considered part of the cause of the US subprime financial crisis that started in 2008. In fact, bank regulators in the United States took the position of requiring a bank to follow the set of rules (Basel I or Basel II) giving the more conservative approach for the bank. Because of this it was anticipated that only the few very largest US Banks would operate under the Basel II rules, the others being regulated under the Basel I framework. Basel III was developed in response to the financial crisis; it does not supersede either Basel I or II, but focuses on different issues primarily related to the risk of a bank run.