Through mycorrhizal networks, fungi can pass resources and signaling molecules between trees.

通过菌根网络，真菌可以在树木之间传递资源和信号分子。

These helper T-cells produce small signaling molecules called cytokines, which activate B-cells and macrophages.

辅助T细胞会产生一些小的信号分子，即细胞因子，激活B细胞和巨噬细胞。

The signaling molecule could then bind to the cells and instruct them to begin repairing themselves.

然后信号分子可以与细胞结合，并引导细胞开始自我修复。

Steroids also block cortisol, a signaling molecule that drives the breakdown of substances including proteins.

类固醇还会阻断皮质醇，皮质醇是一种信号分子，可驱动包括蛋白质在内的物质分解。

Through the mycorrhizae, trees can tell when nutrients or signaling molecules are coming from a member of their own species or not.

通过菌根，树木可以知道什么时候营养物质或信号分子来自于他们自己物种的成员。

It's part of the DNA and RNA backbone that links individual nucleotides together, and is also part of cellular signaling molecules like cyclic-adenosine monophosphate or cAMP.

它也是连接单个核苷酸的DNA和RNA主干的一部分，还是细胞信号分子的一部分，如环腺苷一磷酸（cAMP）。

It's part of the DNA and RNA backbone that links individual nucleotides together, and it's also part of cellular signaling molecules like cyclic-adenosine monophosphate or cAMP.

它是连接单个核苷酸的DNA和RNA主干的一部分，也是细胞信号分子的一部分，如单磷酸环腺苷（cAMP）。

When a leafy plant is damaged, it makes lots of chemicals to protect itself; Some of these chemicals are signaling molecules inside the plant.

当多叶植物受损时， 它会产生大量化学物质来保护自己；其中一些化学物质是植物内部的信号分子。

The researchers expected that a more stable scaffold structure would help ensure that receptors on neurons and other cells would encounter the signaling molecules attached to the fibers.

研究人员期望一个更稳定的支架结构，来帮助神经元和其他细胞上的受体遇到附着在纤维上的信号分子。

Those that went on to exhibit symptoms had higher levels of immune signaling molecules, while the reaction was muted in those who got infected but didn't feel sick.

那些继续表现出症状的人有着更高水平的免疫信号分子，而那些被感染但没有感觉不舒服的人的反应则减弱了。

At that point T helper cells, or Th1 cells swoop in and release cytokines —which are cell signaling molecules— like interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which further stimulate the inflammatory response.

在这时，辅助T细胞（Th1细胞）突然加入到炎症反应中并释放细胞因子；这些细胞因子是细胞间信号分子，包括γ干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子α等；这些细胞因子可以进一步促发炎症反应。

These genes likely influence the production or regulation of the brain's neurotransmitters, which are signaling molecules in the brain that are released by one neuron, and received by receptors of another neuron.

这些基因可能影响了大脑神经递质的产生或调节；神经递质是大脑中的信号分子，由一个神经元释放并由其他神经元受体接收。

This is different from many other types of signaling molecules, which can't cross the cell membrane and have to create their effects from outside the cell, through more complicated pathways.

这与许多其他类型的信号分子不同，后者不能穿过细胞膜， 必须通过更复杂的途径从细胞外产生作用。

For example, an excess of adipose tissue—or fat— is thought to cause the release of free fatty acids and so-called " adipokines" , which are signaling molecules that can cause inflammation, which seems related to insulin resistance.

例如，过多的脂肪组织被认为导致了游离脂肪酸等某些脂肪因子的释放；脂肪因子是可以引起炎症的信号分子，可能和胰岛素抵抗有一定的关系。

When a tomato plant responds to blight by activating disease-fighting genes and enzymes, signaling molecules produced by its immune system can travel to a healthy plant and prompt it to turn on its immune system, too.

当番茄植物通过激活抗病基因和酶来应对枯萎病时，其免疫系统产生的信号分子可以传播到健康的植物并促使它也打开免疫系统。