The net effect on the exchange rate, the cost of capital and, therefore, demand, might be modest.

对汇率、资本成本进而对需求的净效应可能比较微弱。

The cost of capital for American exploration and production companies has jumped by about 50% since mid-2016, according to Goldman Sachs.

根据高盛集团的数据，自2016年中期以来，美国勘探与生产公司的资本成本已上升了约50%。

When the cost of capital increases for brown firms, they seem to react by becoming more brown.

当棕色企业的资本成本增加时，它们的反应似乎是变得更加棕色。

As the cost of capital rises, activists spy plenty of management teams that could do with more discipline.

随着资本成本的上升，激进​​主义者发现了大量可以加强纪律的管理团队。

The first question is, if you raise the cost of capital for brown firms, how would they react?

第一个问题是，如果你提高棕色企业的资本成本，他们会如何反应？

The cost of capital and funding for mid-sized investment banks shot up and domestic rivals in many of its markets began to flex their muscles.

中小型投资银行的资本成本和经费成本直线上升，国内竞争对手也在该行业的许多市场跃跃欲试，逐渐发力。

There are a number of estimates showing that already, E.S.G. investing has increased the cost of capital quite a bit for brown firms compared to green firms.

有许多估计表明，E.S.G.与绿色企业相比，投资大大增加了棕色企业的资本成本。

" Raising the cost of capital" is what happens when E.S.G. investors sell off shares of brown firms, and redirect their money to green firms, giving brown firms less investment capital to work with.

当 E.S.G.投资者抛售棕色公司的股票，并将资金转向绿色公司，从而减少棕色公司的投资资本。