板块构造论（又称板块构造假说、板块构造学说或板块构造学，总称「板块飘移」）是为了解释大陆漂移现象而发展出的一种地质学理论。该理论认为，地球的岩石圈是由板块拼合而成；全球分为六大板块（1968年法国勒皮雄划分），海洋和陆地的位置是不断变化的。根据这种理论，地球内部构造的最外层分为两部分：外层的岩石圈和内层的软流圈。这种理论基于两种独立的地质观测结果：海底扩张和大陆漂移。

岩石圈可以分为大板块及小板块，两板块相接触的部份则可依其相对运动来分为分离板块边缘、聚合板块边缘及转形断层。在板块边缘常会出现地震、火山、造山运动及海沟。每年的相对运动距离约在0至100 mm不等。

Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek:τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s.