And old school medical superstars like Hippocrates, Celsus, and Galen had come across the soothing effects of willow bark for treating inflammation.

像希波克拉底、塞尔苏斯和伽林等老派医学巨星已经发现柳树皮治疗炎症的舒缓作用。

But more than 3,000 years before we learned how to make it, doctors were using its original natural source, willow bark, as a medicine.

但是在我们学会如何制造它之前的 3000 多年里，医生们使用它作为药物最初的天然来源是柳树皮。

But one thing's for sure: that old, boring, little pill has come a long way since the early days of grinding up willow bark.

但有一件事是肯定的： 自从早期研磨柳树皮以来，这种古老、无聊的小药丸已经有了很长的一段历史。

In 1838, an Italian scientist named Raffaele Piria synthesized a stronger form of the active ingredient in willow bark for the first time: salicylic acid.

1838 年，一位名叫拉菲勒·皮里亚的意大利科学家首次在柳树皮中合成了一种更强的活性成分：水杨酸。

By then, doctors were routinely using willow bark and other salicin-rich plants, like the herb meadowsweet, to ease pain, fever, and inflammation.

那时，医生们经常使用柳树皮和其他富含水杨苷的植物，如草本绣线菊，来缓解疼痛、发烧和炎症。

35 years later, in 1826, a French researcher isolated the active ingredient in willow bark: a yellowish crystal that was named salicin a couple of years later.

35 年后的 1826 年，一位法国研究人员分离出柳树皮中的活性成分：一种黄色晶体，几年后被命名为水杨酸。

We can have an aspirin tablet; we don't have to chew on willow bark to get that salicin that's going to give us that pain relief that we need.

我们可以服用一片阿司匹林; 我们不需要咀嚼柳树皮来获得我们需要的缓解疼痛的水杨苷。

In the mid-18th century, an Englishman named Edward Stone ran five years of experiments, showing that willow bark crushed into a powder and eaten could cure a fever.

18 世纪中叶，英国人爱德华·斯通 (Edward Stone) 进行了长达五年的实验，证明将柳树皮碾成粉末食用可以治疗发烧。

During a particularly nasty outbreak of ague, a fever thought to be caused by malaria, Stone noticed that willow bark tasted an awful lot like Peruvian bark, the more common ague treatment of the time.

在一次特别严重的瘟疫爆发期间，一种被认为是由疟疾引起的发烧，斯通注意到柳树皮尝起来很像秘鲁树皮，秘鲁树皮是当时更常见的瘟疫治疗方法。

Around 400 BC, Hippocrates, thought of as the father of modern medicine, first recommended chewing willow bark for pain relief and making willow leaf tea to ease the pain of childbirth.

公元前400年左右，被认为是现代医学之父的希波克拉底首先建议咀嚼柳树皮来缓解疼痛，并制作柳叶茶来缓解分娩的痛苦。