经济剩余是用于经济学的一种概念，可分为消费者剩余、生产者剩余，及两者加总形成的总剩余。它与经济短缺相反。

消费者剩余（consumer surplus）是指购买者的支付意愿减去购买者的实际支付量。消费者剩余衡量了购买者自己感觉到所获得的额外利益。例如某场电影票价为20元，可是消费者认为其应价值50元，那幺消费者剩余则是30元。如果想尊重买者的偏好，那幺消费者剩余不失为经济福利的一种好的衡量标准。

我们也可以从无差异曲线分析中看出消费者剩余。

In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (named after Alfred Marshall), refers to two related quantities. Consumer surplus or consumers' surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus or producers' surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for; this is roughly equal to profit (since producers are not normally willing to sell at a loss, and are normally indifferent to selling at a breakeven price).