消费者物价指数（英文：Consumer Price Index，缩写：CPI，亦称居民消费价格指数），在经济学上，是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，以百分比变化为表达形式。它是衡量通货膨胀的主要指标之一。一般定义超过3％为通货膨胀，超过5％就是比较严重的通货膨胀。CPI往往是市场经济活动与政府货币政策的一个重要参考指标。CPI稳定、就业充分及GDP增长往往是最重要的社会经济目标。如果消费者物价指数升幅过大，表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素，国家会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险，从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此，该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。可用的手段有加息、紧缩银根、采取稳健的财政政策、增加生产、平抑物价等。

A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households.

The CPI is a statistical estimate constructed using the prices of a sample of representative items whose prices are collected periodically. Sub-indexes and sub-sub-indexes are computed for different categories and sub-categories of goods and services, being combined to produce the overall index with weights reflecting their shares in the total of the consumer expenditures covered by the index. It is one of several price indices calculated by most national statistical agencies. The annual percentage change in a CPI is used as a measure of inflation. A CPI can be used to index (i.e., adjust for the effect of inflation) the real value of wages, salaries, pensions, for regulating prices and for deflating monetary magnitudes to show changes in real values. In most countries, the CPI is, along with the population census and the USA National Income and Product Accounts, one of the most closely watched national economic statistics.