《纯粹理性批判》（德语：Kritik der reinen Vernunft ）被公认为是德国哲学家伊曼努尔·康德流传最为广泛，最具影响力的著作，同时也是整个西方哲学史上最重要和影响最深远的著作之一。初版于1781年，并于1787年再版的该书，常被称做康德的“第一批判”，并与其后的《实践理性批判》和《判断力批判》并称为康德“三大批判”。

在第一版的序言中，康德解释他所谓的纯粹理性批判是：「我并非意味着对书本或系统的批判，而是对于普遍理性的批判，即对于所有能够『独立于经验』而得出的知识。

在康德之前，我们普遍认为先天的知识必然是分析的，即意谓其断言必然已经存在于主体中，所以是独立于经验的。（例如：「聪明的人是聪明的。」或是「聪明的人是个人。」） 在上述例子中，因为我们借由分析主体而到达结论，所以这些判断是分析的。 我们认为所有的先天判断都是这样的：在这样的判断中都找得到一个仅仅是主体之部分的断言。 如果真是如此，那么所有对于先天判断的否定将会导致矛盾。 而因此矛盾律将足以得出所有的分析判断。

The Critique of Pure Reason (German:Kritik der reinen Vernunft, KrV) by Immanuel Kant, (first published in 1781, second edition 1787), is one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy. Also referred to as Kant's First Critique, it was followed by the Critique of Practical Reason (1788) and the Critique of Judgment (1790). In the preface to the first edition Kant explains what he means by a critique of pure reason: "I do not mean by this a critique of books and systems, but of the faculty of reason in general, in respect of all knowledge after which it may strive independently of all experience." Dealing with questions concerning the foundations and extent of human knowledge, Kant builds on the work of empiricist philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume, as well as taking into account the theories of rationalist philosophers such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. Kant expounds new ideas on the nature of space and time, and claims to solve the problem which Hume posed regarding human knowledge of the relation of cause and effect, and to have assessed the ability of the human mind to engage in metaphysics.