混沌理论（Chaos theory）是关于非线性系统在一定参数条件下展现分岔（bifurcation）、周期运动与非周期运动相互纠缠，以至于通向某种非周期有序运动的理论。在耗散系统和保守系统中，混沌运动有不同表现，前者有吸引子，后者无（也称含混吸引子）。

从20世纪80年代中期到20世纪末，混沌理论迅速吸引了数学、物理、工程、生态学、经济学、气象学、情报学等诸多领域学者有关注，引发了全球混沌热。混沌，也写作浑沌（比如《庄子》）。自然科学中讲的混沌运动指确定性系统中展示的一种类似随机的行为或性态。确定性（deterministic）是指方程不含随机项的系统，也称动力系统（dynamical system）。典型的模型有单峰镜像（logistic map）迭代系统，洛伦兹微分方程系统，若斯叻吸引子，杜芬方程，蔡氏电路，Chen 吸引子等。为浑沌理论做出重要贡献的学者有庞加莱、洛伦兹、上田睆亮（Y. Ueda）、费根堡姆、约克、李天岩、斯美尔、芒德勃罗和郝柏林等。混沌理论向前可追溯到19世纪庞加莱等人对天体力学的研究，他提出了同宿轨道、异宿轨道的概念，他也被称为浑沌学之父。

Chaos theory is the field of study in mathematics that studies the behavior and condition of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions—a response popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems, rendering long-term prediction impossible in general. This happens even though these systems are deterministic, meaning that their future behavior is fully determined by their initial conditions, with no random elements involved. In other words, the deterministic nature of these systems does not make them predictable. This behavior is known as deterministic chaos, or simply chaos. The theory was summarized by Edward Lorenz as: